Media began promoting the value of S&T, scientific thinking, and scientific achievement. The Soviet inspired system was then gradually reformed. The new leader Deng Xiaoping, and architect of the Chinese economic reform, was a strong promoter of S&T and reversed the policies of the Cultural revolution. Īfter Mao Zedong's death, S&T was established as one of the Four Modernizations in 1976.
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Among other measures it saw the scientific community and formal education attacked, intellectuals were sent to do manual labor, universities and academic journals were closed, most research ceased, and for nearly a decade China trained no new scientists and engineers. The Cultural revolution, which sought to remove perceived " bourgeois" influences and attitudes, caused large negative effects and disruptions. Many studied in the Soviet Union which also transferred technology. Researchers should work as collectives for society rather than as individuals seeking recognition. It was characterized by a bureaucratic organization led by non-scientists, research according to the goals of central plans, separation of research from production, specialized research institutes, concentration on practical applications, and restrictions on information flows. After the Communist victory in 1949 science and technology research was organized based on the model of the Soviet Union. Īfter being defeated repeatedly by Japan and Western nations in the 19th century, Chinese reformers began promoting modern science and technology as part of the Self-Strengthening Movement. The causes of this early modern Great Divergence continue to be debated by scholars to this day. By the 17th century, Europe and the Western world surpassed China in scientific and technological advancement. One factor is argued to be the imperial examination system which removed the incentives for Chinese intellectuals to learn mathematics or to conduct experimentation. The causes of this Great Divergence continue to be debated. There was an increasing concentration on literature, arts, and public administration while science and technology were seen as trivial or restricted to limited practical applications. Unlike in Europe, scientists did not attempt to reduce observations of nature to mathematical laws and they did not form a scholarly community with criticisms and progressive research. Chinese scientific activity started to decline in the fourteenth century. Chinese discoveries and Chinese innovations such as papermaking, printing, the compass, and gunpowder (the Four Great Inventions) contributed to the economic development in East Asia, the Middle East and Europe.
Ĭhina was a world leader in science and technology until the early years of the Ming dynasty. Su Song's celestial atlas of five star maps is actually the oldest in printed form.
One of the star charts from Su Song's Xin Yi Xiang Fa Yao published in 1092, featuring cylindrical projection similar to Mercator projection and the corrected position of the pole star thanks to Shen Kuo's astronomical observations. History of science and technology in China
20.10.1 History of China's hydrogen bomb.20.8.3 Pharmaceuticals and medical technology.20.5 Electronics and information technology.20.3 Chemistry, materials science and nanotechnology.11 Technology transfer and R&D by multinational corporations.6 Economic and Technological Development Zones.3 Gross domestic expenditure on research and development.
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